Process for high shear gas-liquid reactions

ABSTRACT

A reactor produces a gas-in-liquid emulsion for providing increased interfacial contact area between the liquid and the gas for improved reaction of the gas with the liquid, or more rapid solution or reaction of a difficulty soluble or immiscible gas in or with a liquid. The reactor is suitable for a continuous or batch type process. Rotor and stator cylindrical members are mounted for rotation relative to one another and have opposing surfaces spaced to form an annular processing passage. The gap distance between the opposing surfaces and the relative rotation rate of the cylindrical members are such as to form a gas-in-liquid emulsion of the gas in the liquid. The liquid and gas pass through the processing passage, changing into the gas-in-liquid emulsion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to materials processing involving a chemical and/or a physical action(s) or reaction(s) of a component or between components. More specifically, the present invention produces a gas-in-liquid emulsion in a reactor to continuously process relatively large quantities of materials.

[0003] 2. General Background and State of the Art

[0004] Apparatus for materials processing consisting of coaxial cylinders that are rotated relative to one another about a common axis, the materials to be processed being fed into the annular space between the cylinders, are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,999, issued Dec. 6, 1994 to Colorado State University Research Foundation discloses processes for the high shear processing of a fibrous biomass by injecting a slurry thereof into a turbulent Couette flow created in a “high-frequency rotor-stator device”, this device having an annular chamber containing a fixed stator equipped with a coaxial toothed ring cooperating with an opposed coaxial toothed ring coupled to the rotor. U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,891, issued Aug. 23, 1994 to Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. discloses processes for continuous emulsion polymerization in which a solution containing the polymerizable material is fed to the annular space between coaxial relatively rotatable cylinders.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,463, issued Jan. 18, 1994, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,191, issued Jul. 23, 1996, both having the same applicant as the present invention, disclose methods and apparatus for high-shear material treatment, one type of the apparatus consisting of a rotor rotating within a stator to provide an annular flow passage. U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,191, in particular, at column 13, line 37, describes using the invention as a gas/liquid chemical reactor by enveloping the greater part of the liquid that clings to the periphery of the spinning rotor with a body of the reactant gas. The high peripheral velocity of the wetted, spinning rotor causes the gas to be in a highly turbulent state of surface renewal at its contact interface with the liquid film. However, this gas/liquid reaction method provides a relatively small gas/liquid contact area and is prone to considerable back-mixing (mixing in the longitudinal, axial or general flow direction) of the gas component thus providing an undesirably large residence time distribution (RTD), impairing the overall efficiency of the process.

[0006] Sparging gasses through liquids for reacting the gasses with the liquids is also known in the prior art, but also fails to provide adequate interfacial contact area between the liquid and gas.

[0007] It would be desirable to provide a large interfacial contact area between a liquid and a gas in an efficient continuous or batch type process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for producing a gas-in-liquid emulsion for providing increased interfacial contact area between the liquid and the gas for improved reaction of the gas with the liquid, or more rapid solution or reaction of a difficulty soluble or immiscible gas in or with a liquid. This invention provides a superior, more economical and more efficient way of contacting gases with liquids for the purpose of effecting reactions between them to be carried out as a continuous or batch type process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009]FIG. 1 is a part elevation, part longitudinal cross sectional view of a complete reactor of the present invention;

[0010]FIG. 2 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a reactor showing the cylindrical members in a concentric configuration with gas and liquid inlets leading to the processing chamber;

[0011]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an eccentrically mounted embodiment of the reactor in which the longitudinal axes of the cylindrical members are displaced to give an annular passage that varies in radial width around its circumference, the reactor including a series of gas inlets along its length;

[0012]FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of an eccentrically mounted embodiment of the reactor similar to FIG. 3, but showing a gas inlet at the top of the reactor and fluid inlets along the bottom of the reactor; and

[0013]FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the gas-in-liquid emulsion further illustrating incident white light and light scattered by the gas bubbles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0014] A reactor 8 is illustrated by FIGS. 1-4, and described in greater detail in U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/802,037 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Materials Processing”, filed Mar. 7, 2001 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,191 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for High-Shear Material Treatment” both by the applicant of the present invention and both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into the present disclosure. An annular cross section processing chamber 44 having an annular gap is formed between an outer cylindrical member or cylindrical tube 30 comprising a stator and a cylindrical rotor or inner cylindrical member 42. Liquid and gas enter the processing chamber 44 through inlets 14. The cylindrical members 30, 42 rotate relative to each other producing a shear force on the liquid, gas and any other reactants as they are pumped through the processing chamber and out an outlet 52 at the downstream end of the processing chamber 44.

[0015] Turning to FIGS. 1 and 2 in particular, reactants are fed from supply tanks 10, 16, 20, respectively. Also shown are metering pumps 12 and 18 leading from the supply tanks 10, 16 and into the inlet 14. The reactants can be aqueous solutions and a gas such as carbon dioxide. The reaction can occur at room temperature and atmospheric pressure for example, although other temperatures and pressures can be chosen as appropriate.

[0016] The reactor comprises a baseplate 22 on which is mounted rotor bearing supports 24, stator supports 26 and a variable speed electric drive motor 28. The cylindrical member 30, comprising the apparatus stator, is mounted on the supports 24. A rotor shaft 40 extends between the supports 24 and is supported thereby, one end of the shaft being connected to the motor 28. The shaft 40 carries the cylindrical member 42, comprising the apparatus rotor. The processing chamber 44 is formed between the inner cylindrical surface 46 of the cylindrical member 30 and the outer cylindrical surface 48 of rotor 42 and face body 51. The ends of the chamber are closed against leakage by end seals 50 that surround the shaft 40.

[0017] In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 the cylindrical member 42 is shown with its axis of rotation roughly coincident, or concentric, with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical member 30. The processing chamber 44 is shown having a radial dimension of H.

[0018] In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 for example, the cylindrical member 42 has its axis of rotation not coincident with, but rather eccentric, relative to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical member 30. The processing chamber 44 has a smaller radial dimension G and a larger radial dimension H diametrically opposite. The processing chamber 44 is therefore circumferentially alternately convergent from the portion having the dimension H to the portion having the dimension G at which portion the surfaces 46, 48 are spaced a minimum distance apart and the maximum shear is obtained in the flowing material; the chamber 44 is then divergent from the portion having the dimension G to the portion having the dimension H.

[0019] Rather than the horizontal orientation of FIG. 1, the reactor can be configured vertically with the outlet 52 at the top. Other orientations can be used as well. Also, other inlet and outlet configurations can be used. For example, in FIG. 3 a series of inlets 14 positioned along the length of the reactor 8 and passing through the cylindrical member 30 supply gas into the processing chamber 44. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment in which both the inlet (not shown) and outlet 52 are disposed at the lowermost part of the cylindrical member 30, while the gas is fed into the processing chamber 44 by a separate inlet 146. In a general embodiment, the reactants are pumped into the inlets 14, through the processing chamber 44 and out an outlet. The inlets 14 and outlets 52 can be at opposite ends of the length of the processing chamber 44 to allow mixing and reacting along the length of the processing chamber 44.

[0020] U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/214,538 entitled “Process for High Shear Gas-Liquid Reactions” to Holly filed on Jun. 27, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, describes the use of the reactor 8 for gas/liquid reaction. The reactor emulsifies the gas into the liquid providing increased contact between the liquid and gas for more efficient reactions. The inventor of the present invention discovered that a gas-in-liquid emulsification can be created by narrowing the radial dimension between the surfaces 46, 48 of the processing chamber 44 while rapidly rotating the rotor cylindrical member 42 relative to the stator cylindrical member 30.

[0021] For the gas-in-liquid emulsification to occur, the radial dimension between the surfaces 46, 48 of the processing chamber 44 should be approximately equal to or less than the combined thickness of the two laminar boundary layers back-to-back. As the material being processed flows in the processing chamber 44 a respective boundary layer forms on each of the surfaces 46 and 48, the thickness of which is determined by the viscosity and other factors of the material being processed and the relative flow velocity of the material over the surface. The laminar boundary layer for a fluid flowing over a flat surface along a path length x, which in the invention is taken as one circumferential flow length around the rotor surface, may be determined by the equation: $\delta = \frac{4.91}{\sqrt{N_{R}}}$

[0022] where N_(RX) is the product of length x and the flow velocity divided by the kinematic viscosity.

[0023] In addition to having a radial dimension requirement, the peripheral speed of the rotor cylindrical member 42 relative to the stator cylindrical member 30 should exceed approximately four meters per second for the gas-in-liquid emulsification to occur. The upper limit on the peripheral speed is determined by the application. For example, too great a speed might destroy living microbes or long molecular chains. Also, too great a speed can subject the reactor 8 to unnecessary stress and strain.

[0024] The required radial dimension and peripheral speed can vary depending on conditions. The radial dimension requirement and peripheral speed required for the onset of the emulsification phenomenon can be determined experimentally for given reactants under specified conditions. The onset of this emulsification phenomenon is indicated by the appearance of a white colored turbidity of the fluid agitated in the processing chamber 44. The stator cylindrical member 48 can, for observation purposes, be made of glass. The grayish-white to white, almost milk like turbidity indicates that the majority of the gas bubbles have attained diameters comparable in size to the wavelength range of white light. This turbidity is due to the scattering of the white light by the gas bubbles. White has a wavelength in the general range around 0.6 to 3.0 micrometers. Thus, when the turbidity is visible, there are significant gas bubbles having a size of approximately 0.6 to 3.0 micrometers. We consider a gas-in-liquid emulsion to have been created when a significant number of the gas bubbles have a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. An emulsion having gas bubbles with a significant number of gas bubbles having diameters of 0.3 to 1.5 micrometers or less is considered a very good emulsion. It is clear that being able to sustain such small gas particles in such large numbers as to appear milky-colored without coalescing into larger bubbles, provides a very large interfacial contact area between the gas and the liquid. FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the gas-in-liquid emulsion showing gas bubbles 74 within a liquid 76. White light 70 is shown incident on the gas bubbles 74. The white light 70 is scattered by the gas bubbles 74 as shown by scattered white light 72. The incident white light 70 is schematically illustrated as having a wavelength similar in dimension to the diameters of the gas bubbles 74.

[0025] In addition, the emulsification of the gas proceeds extremely rapidly after contacting the liquid. The resulting aqueous gas/water mixture is extremely uniform through the processing chamber 44, and out the outlet 52, and displays a very narrow residence time distribution, indicated by the near perfect plug-flow like advancing of the front of the emulsion in the axial direction of the flow. Similar effects are observed when using different liquids and different gases.

[0026] The present invention produces these results whether the rotor cylindrical member 42 is positioned concentric or eccentric relative to the stator cylindrical member 30 position. As explained above, in the eccentrically mounted embodiment the processing chamber 44 has a smaller radial dimension G and a larger radial dimension H diametrically opposite. In order to obtain the gas-in-liquid emulsion of the present invention in the eccentrically mounted embodiment, the larger radial dimension H must meet the narrow radial dimension requirement described above with respect to the concentrically mounted embodiment. This results in the radial dimension G being smaller than necessary for creating the emulsion and caution must be observed to prevent the rotor cylindrical member 42 and the stator cylindrical member 30 from contacting each other.

[0027] In the present invention, at least one of the reactants is a gas and at least one is a liquid. Other reactants can also be used so that the gas or combinations of gases can be reacted with one or several other materials having different phases. The other reactants can be a gases, liquids, or even solids or powders. In the present invention at least two different phases, including a gas phase and a liquid phase, are combined in the processing chamber 44.

[0028] Mixing of the reactants is achieved by the rotation of the cylindrical member 42 relative to the cylindrical member 30. Mechanically the most convenient construction is for the cylindrical member 42 to rotate while the cylindrical member 30 remains stationary. However, in other embodiments the cylindrical member 30 can rotate and the cylindrical member 42 can remain stationary or rotate in either the same or opposite direction.

[0029] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/802,037, referenced above, describes the elimination of Taylor vortices by meeting the three requirements of: 1) smooth annular chamber surfaces, 2) narrow processing chamber and 3) rapid rotor rotation. The elimination of Taylor vortices provides greatly improved mixing. The present invention can be used to produce a Taylor-vortices free gas-in-liquid emulsion in the annular chamber to combine the reaction enhancements of thorough mixing with a large interfacial contact between the gas and the other reactants. In order to achieve Taylor-vortices free operation, the surfaces 46, 48 of the present invention should have the smooth finish described in the Ser. No. 09/802,037 application. The other two requirements of thin height and rapid rotation are already satisfied by the present invention. Furthermore, the processing chamber 44 can be narrow enough to prevent turbulent flow of the reactants, in accordance with the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,191 referenced above.

[0030] A number of transducers 54 along the length of the stator cylindrical member 30 can optionally be used to provide electromagnetic or longitudinal pressure energy to the gas-in-liquid emulsion to enhance the gas/liquid reaction. The transducers can supply energy into the processing chamber 44 through a port 58 and window 60 as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. This use of energy is described in greater detail in U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/853,448 entitled “Electromagnetic Wave Assisted Chemical Processing” by Holly filed May 10, 2001 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure. The energy can also be used in combination with the Taylor-vortices free gas-in-liquid emulsion for additional reaction capabilities.

[0031] Also, the cooperating surfaces 46 and 48 in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be coated with a catalyst to facilitate a chemical or biological reaction that constitutes the processing step. The catalytic material can enhance chemical, biochemical or biocidal reactions in the processing passage.

[0032] Importantly, the reactor 8 can be quickly and thoroughly cleaned. Therefore, unlike the prior art, deposits forming and blocking the irradiation is not a problem. For example, even if the reactant is a sticky opaque substance, the surfaces 46, 48 and window 60 are easily cleaned. By running the reactor 8 with clean water for enough time for the water to pass from the inlet 14 to the outlet 52, substances clinging to the surfaces 46, 48 and the window 60 are washed away. In most cases the surfaces of the processing chamber 44 are clean within five seconds. This efficient cleaning ability is due to the extremely hard sheer forces as the rotor cylindrical member 42 and stator cylindrical member 30 rotate relative to each other. In most cases, no contaminants will even form on the window 60 or surfaces 46, 48 of the processing chamber 44 due to the hard sheer forces pulling the materials through the reactor 8.

[0033] The gas/liquid reaction can be used in an oxygenation process, or an enzyme reaction process for example. Additionally, solids, such as catalytic powders, can be added to the processing chamber 44 to form a gas/liquid/solid emulsion to provide a gas/liquid/solid reaction which can also be enhanced by the applied electromagnetic or longitudinal pressure energy as described below.

[0034] Returning to FIG. 3, the illustrated embodiment is intended for an enzyme reaction process, and the axis of rotation of the rotor cylindrical member 42 is eccentrically mounted relative to the longitudinal axis of the stator cylindrical member 30, so that the radial processing chamber 44 differs in dimension circumferentially around the rotor. A heat exchange structure is provided having an outer casing 32 and heat exchange material 34, since such processes usually are exothermic and surplus heat must be removed for optimum operative conditions for the microorganisms. A series of oxygen feed inlets 14 are arranged along the length of the stator and the oxygen fed therein is promptly emulsified into the broth, providing uniformly dispersed, micron-fine bubbles instead of being sparged therein with mm size bubbles of non-uniform distribution, as with conventional enzyme reaction systems. The carbon dioxide that is produced is vented from the upper part of the processing passage through a vent 56. The reactor according to FIG. 3 is designed to operate continuously and provides a continuous and uniform CO₂ removal along the upper portion of the rotor which is constantly wetted with a film of broth of uniform mixedness of all ingredients. Also shown is the port 58 and window 60 as described with reference to FIG. 2.

[0035] The apparatus of the invention is generically a reactor process and apparatus, and a reactor consists of the vessels used to produce desired products by physical or chemical means, and is frequently the heart of a commercial processing plant. Its configurations, operating characteristics, and underlying engineering principles constitute reactor technology. Besides stoichiometry and kinetics, reactor technology includes requirements for introducing and removing reactants and products, supplying and withdrawing heat, accommodating phase changes and material transfers, assuring efficient contacting among reactants, and providing for catalyst replenishment or regeneration. These issues are taken into account when one translates reaction kinetics and bench-scale data into the design and manufacture of effective pilot plants, and thereafter scale up such plants to larger sized units, and ultimately designs and operates commercial plants.

[0036] While the specification describes particular embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill can devise variations of the present invention without departing from the inventive concept. 

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for providing a large interfacial contact area between one or more liquids and one or more gases, comprising: two cylindrical members mounted for rotation relative to one another, and having opposing surfaces spaced to form an annular processing chamber therebetween providing a flow path for the liquid and gas; and wherein: the annular processing chamber has a gap distance defined by a distance between the opposing surfaces; the cylindrical members rotate relative to each other at a relative rotation rate; the gap distance and relative rotation rate are such as to form a gas-in-liquid emulsion of the one or more gases in the one or more liquids.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the gap distance is equal to or less than the back-to-back radial thicknesses of two laminar boundary layers of material, including the one or more liquids and the one or more gases, that is to pass through the processing chamber.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of at least as small as the wavelength of white light.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of less than 1.5 micrometers.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of less than 3.0 micrometers and has an appearance of colored turbidity when exposed to white light.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the relative rotation rate is at least four meters per second.
 7. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: the relative rotation rate is at least four meters per second.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the two cylindrical members mounted for eccentric rotation relative to one another and the greatest radial distance between the two cylindrical members is at least as small as the gap distance
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more gases and one or more liquids are combined with other materials to produce a reacted material.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the two cylindrical members have opposing surfaces having smoothnesses such that formation of Taylor vortices in the processing chamber is inhibited and the one or more liquids and one or more gases forming the gas-in-liquid emulsion react in the essentially Taylor-vortices-free processing chamber.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an energy source for applying processing energy to the processing chamber through a wall of the two members, energy of the energy source processing the gas-in-liquid emulsion.
 12. A method for producing a large interfacial contact area between a liquid and a gas, comprising: passing a liquid and gas to be processed in a flow path through an annular processing chamber between two cylindrical members mounted for rotation relative to one another; rotating at least one of the cylindrical members relative to the other fast enough and setting the distance between the two cylindrical members small enough so as to form a gas-in-liquid emulsion of the gas in the liquid.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: the gap distance is equal to or less than the back-to-back radial thicknesses of two laminar boundary layers of material, including the liquid and the gas, that is to pass through the processing passage.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of at least as small as the wavelength of white light.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of less than 1.5 micrometers.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein: the emulsion is such that the bubbles have diameters of less than 3.0 micrometers and has an appearance of colored turbidity when exposed to white light.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein: the cylindrical members are rotated at a relative speed of at least four meters per second.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein: the cylindrical members are rotated at a relative speed of at least four meters per second.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein: the two cylindrical members are mounted for eccentric rotation relative to one another and the greatest radial distance between the two cylindrical members is at least as small as the distance between the two members.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein: the gas and liquid are combined with other materials to produce a reacted material.
 21. The method of claim 12, wherein: the two cylindrical members have opposing surfaces having smoothnesses such that formation of Taylor vortices in the processing chamber is inhibited and the liquid and gas forming the gas-in-liquid emulsion react in the essentially Taylor-vortices-free processing chamber.
 22. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: applying processing radiation to the gas-in-liquid emulsion through a wall of the two members. 